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The purpose of this study is to explore the ability of four acoustic parameters, mean fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, and harmonics-to-noise ratio, to detect vocal fatigue in student singers. All rights reserved.ĭetecting vocal fatigue in student singers using acoustic measures of mean fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, and harmonics-to-noise ratio Copyright © 2011 The Voice Foundation. However, the efficiency of these measures should be verified and tested with patients. Furthermore, gender-specific thresholds applying these guidelines should be established. Phonations at a predefined voice SPL (80 dB minimum) and vowel (/a/) would enhance measurement reliability. Vowel and gender effects were clinically important, whereas fundamental frequency had a relatively small influence. Surprisingly, in clinical assessments, voice SPL has the single biggest impact on jitter and shimmer. Because men had systematically higher voice SPL, the gender effects on jitter and shimmer were smaller when correcting for SPL and F(0). Voice SPL was the most important factor, whereas vowel, gender, and F(0) effects were comparatively small. Vowels, gender, voice SPL, and F(0), each had significant effects either on jitter or on shimmer, or both. The effect sizes were determined with the eta-squared statistic. The effects of vowel, gender, voice SPL, and F(0) on jitter and shimmer were assessed using descriptive and inferential (analysis of covariance) statistics.
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Three phonations of /a/, /o/, and /i/ at "normal" voice loudness were analyzed using Praat (software). With this cross-sectional single cohort study, 57 healthy adults (28 women, 29 men) aged 20-40 years were investigated. Furthermore the relative effect sizes of vowel, gender, voice SPL, and F(0) were assessed, and recommendations for clinical measurements were derived. The aims of this study were to examine vowel and gender effects on jitter and shimmer in a typical clinical voice task while correcting for the confounding effects of voice sound pressure level (SPL) and fundamental frequency (F(0)). Reliable jitter and shimmer measurements in voice clinics: the relevance of vowel, gender, vocal intensity, and fundamental frequency effects in a typical clinical task.īrockmann, Meike Drinnan, Michael J Storck, Claudio Carding, Paul N Method: Fifty-seven healthy adults (28 women, 29 men) aged 20-40 years were included in this cross-sectional single-cohort study. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate voice loudness and gender effects on jitter and shimmer in healthy young adults because previous descriptions have been inconsistent.
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Voice Loudness and Gender Effects on Jitter and Shimmer in Healthy AdultsĮRIC Educational Resources Information Centerīrockmann, Meike Storck, Claudio Carding, Paul N. Audio reel-to-reel recordings are marginally adequate for jitter analysis whereas audio cassette recorders can introduce jitter and shimmer values that are greater than some reported values for normal talkers. FM recorders, although not quite as accurate, provide a satisfactory alternative to those methods.
#WAVES VOCAL RIDER CL5 CODE#
For jitter and shimmer estimation, direct sampling or the use of a video cassette recorder with pulse code modulation are clearly superior. Distortion introduced by any of the data acquisition systems is negligible when extracting average fundamental frequency or average amplitude. Recordings were digitized on playback and with the direct samples analyzed for fundamental frequency, amplitude, jitter, and shimmer using a zero crossing interpolation scheme. To test for possible contamination of acoustic analyses by record/reproduce systems, five sine waves of fixed frequency and amplitude were sampled directly by a computer and recorded simultaneously on four different tape formats (audio and FM reel-to-reel, audio cassette, and video cassette using pulse code modulation). Tape recorder effects on jitter and shimmer extraction.